4)1 I I fl’B. H-AAVVAV-:
APPENDIX F
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
plus or minus, is equal to. is identically equal to.
lis approximately equal to.
2 the sum of the tcims indicated,
n the product ofthe terms indicated.
I a: I the absolute value of x,
X the mean value of x.
a determinant representing
Qi hf Ca — Oi ba Ca+Ot bi Ca
- ~fla b Ca~^o% ba b% Cj.
function.
at bi Cr
Of 5, <^5 I O3 ba C3 1 /otF fix)
^ (*) I function x,
A finite difference or increment.
Ajc, 5 * the increment of x.
dx an increment of x considered as
tending to zero.
D differential coefficient.
is not equal to u greater than, is not greater than, is less than.
,is not less than, is greater than or equal to. is less than or equal to. therefore.
V because.
Z angle.
II parallel.
X perpendicular, x! or lie. factcrial x, oc varies directly as. a: b :d a is to ^ as c is to d. f'x stands for
tr pi ; the ratio of the circumference of • 1 ^ • 1.
a circle to its diameter, approx. dV the second differential of y with 314159. fix* respect to JP.
0or < (1) the base of natural logarithms.
approx. z-yiSzS. ^ ^ ^
dy ~ the differential coefficient of y ^ with respect to x.
c2nh
the partial differential of y ^th respect to u, where y is a fimetion of u and another variable (or variables).
integral.
Common Constantb
velocity of light in vacuo, 2 9978 x 10’® cm. per second.
electronic charge, i'6o2 X io“*® e.m.u., or 4*8 o 3 X io~^® e.s.u.
standard gravity, 9So’665 cm. per second per second.
Phinck’s constant, the constant in the expression for the quantum of energy.
the mass cf an electron at rest,
9*11 X grams.
simu hyperbolicuSt the hyperbolic N0 Avogadro number, number of mole- sine. cules per gram-molecule.
Similarly cosh, tanh, &c. 6-023 ^ >0".
(2) the eccentricity of a conic section.
i the imaginary square root of — x.
(i>, (t>* the imaginary cube roots of i.
00 infinity.
X X X X X ... to n factors.
X"
x** Vx, the nth root of x.
X® « I.
X a X approaches the limit a.
y the angle between the radius vector ^ and the polar axis.
sin X the principal value of the angle
whose sine is x. “
^0
Similarly cos”^ x, tan“^ x, &c.
