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4)1 I I fl’B. H-AAVVAV-:

APPENDIX F

MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

plus or minus, is equal to. is identically equal to.

lis approximately equal to.

2 the sum of the tcims indicated,

n the product ofthe terms indicated.

I a: I the absolute value of x,

X the mean value of x.

a determinant representing

Qi hf Ca — Oi ba Ca+Ot bi Ca

  • ~fla b Ca~^o% ba b% Cj.

function.

at bi Cr

Of 5, <^5 I O3 ba C3 1 /otF fix)

^ (*) I function x,

A finite difference or increment.

Ajc, 5 * the increment of x.

dx an increment of x considered as

tending to zero.

D differential coefficient.

is not equal to u greater than, is not greater than, is less than.

,is not less than, is greater than or equal to. is less than or equal to. therefore.

V because.

Z angle.

II parallel.

X perpendicular, x! or lie. factcrial x, oc varies directly as. a: b :d a is to ^ as c is to d. f'x stands for

tr pi ; the ratio of the circumference of • 1 ^ • 1.

a circle to its diameter, approx. dV the second differential of y with 314159. fix* respect to JP.

0or < (1) the base of natural logarithms.

approx. z-yiSzS. ^ ^ ^

dy ~ the differential coefficient of y ^ with respect to x.

c2nh

the partial differential of y ^th respect to u, where y is a fimetion of u and another variable (or variables).

integral.

Common Constantb

velocity of light in vacuo, 2 9978 x 10’® cm. per second.

electronic charge, i'6o2 X io“*® e.m.u., or 4*8 o 3 X io~^® e.s.u.

standard gravity, 9So’665 cm. per second per second.

Phinck’s constant, the constant in the expression for the quantum of energy.

the mass cf an electron at rest,

9*11 X grams.

simu hyperbolicuSt the hyperbolic N0 Avogadro number, number of mole- sine. cules per gram-molecule.

Similarly cosh, tanh, &c. 6-023 ^ >0".

(2) the eccentricity of a conic section.

i the imaginary square root of — x.

(i>, (t>* the imaginary cube roots of i.

00 infinity.

X X X X X ... to n factors.

X"

x** Vx, the nth root of x.

X® « I.

X a X approaches the limit a.

y the angle between the radius vector ^ and the polar axis.

sin X the principal value of the angle

whose sine is x. “

^0

Similarly cos”^ x, tan“^ x, &c.